Teanage Driving Essay Example for Free

Teanage Driving Essay Imagine you just hit a car head-on. It’s probably because you are under the influence. This is why experts say the driving age should be raised to age 18. The minimum driving age differs from state to state. The lowest driving age in the United States is 13. That is in the state of Nebraska. You have to be thirteen years old qualify for a â€Å"farm husbandry permit.† The 13 year old can operate off-road vehicles used in farming. The government is considering raising the legal driving age. It should be raised because most of the teens who will or are driving will be doing things they know they should not do. They do things like texting on their cell phone and speeding over the limit. It is also because they are under peer pressure. Car accidents are mostly caused be teenagers. They take their own lives when they don’t wear their seat belts or are out past their curfews. The law keeps the voting age at 18 and buying alcohol at 21 but let a 16 years old have the responsibility of taking the busy streets. The legal driving age should be raised to age 18 because most teenagers are not responsible, most teens text while driving, and lives can be saved. First, the driving age should be raised because most teens are not responsible. Car crashes that are caused by teenage drivers are the number one killer of teens in America today. They kill most between 15 and 21 year old. 13% of teens said that they have been in a car with the driver had drunk alcohol before driving. 14% of teens say that they drive after drinking. 36% of teens say that they had ridden with a driver who had been drinking. Motor vehicle crashes kill between 5,000 to 6,000 people every year. Driving is something that requires focus and decision making. Teenagers are still developing self-control and appropriate emotional responses to a situation that might be going on. â€Å"Road rage† is used to describe the emotional response of something like anger or frustration that teens can experience while behind the wheel. Some teenagers’ get hurt just because they know that they should put on their seat belt and they don’t. Also, it is because the teenager doesn’t go home at their curfew. If a teenager wears his seat belt; it reduces the risk of dying by 45%. Teenagers are the youngest people to not wear their seat belt. Teenage drivers are more likely to have a car accident since they’re under the influence of alcohol. A driver’s license provides privileges other than driving. Four out of six teens that drinks and drive kill drivers 20 or younger that result in a fatal crash. One out of three teens will have a car accident within the first two years of driving. Secondly, the driving age should be raised because teens are texting while driving. 56% of teenagers answer and make phone calls while they are driving. 13% of teens say that they have sent and responded to text messages while driving. 45% of teens said that they would speak up if someone else was driving in a way that scared them. Texting while driving gives you a four times of a chance to having a car accident. Distracted drivers account for 80% of crashes that was from 18 to 20 year old. If we get teenagers off of the roads, then there would be fewer car crashes. Next, if teenagers don’t drive, lives can be saved. Allison Reboratti was a 19 year old. She had boyfriend named Steven Filipak. They both are in the state of Pennsylvania. Steven had driven them to Steven’s friend’s house. Steven got drunk and passed out. When he got conscious the both of them left. He got conscious on the early morning of May 9, 2001. Allison had let Steven drive the car home. Neither of them had their seat belt on when Steven had lost control of the car. He had hit a sign post, a fence, and an evergreen tree. Someone had called the paramedics. When the paramedics arrived, Allison was found dead lying across Steven’s lap. Steven was breathing, but unconscious. He was taken to the hospital. He had broken bones and brain damage. He had to stay in the hospital for five months. This story proves that the driving age should be raised. Male drivers between the ages of 15 and 20 were involved in fatal crashes. 37% were speeding and 26% were dri nking. Five percent of teenagers admit to driving a car after drinking alcohol. Eight hundredths percent of drivers have alcohol in their blood. Almost three out of four teen drivers were killed in a crash after drinking and driving and they wasn’t wearing a seat belt. 56% of teen’s deaths occur on Friday, Saturday, or Sunday. Fatal crashes rate from 16 to 19 year old. Teenage drivers are more likely to get into a car accident than older drivers. 55% of teens said that they go over ten miles per hour the limit. Some teens even go over 80 miles per hour while driving. 17% of teens say that they think that speeding is fun. 44% of teen’s said that they would drive more safely if their friends were not in the car. 67% of teens said that they felt unsafe would when someone else was driving. 37% of teens say that they would ride with one or more friends who speed in the coming year. Over 40% of teen crashes deaths occur between 9 P.M. and 6 A.M. 60% of teens’ auto deat hs occur before midnight. Therefore, the driving age should be raised to age 18. It should be raised because most teenagers are not responsible, text while driving, and lives can be saved. Also, it should be raised because most teenagers under age drink and their drinking leads to them having car accidents. Teenagers kill thousands of people every year. Lots of teenagers make and answer phone calls while they are driving. In addition, teens kill more people than mid-aged adults. That concludes the reasons why the driving age should be raised to age 18.

Napster :: essays research papers

Napster Napster is a music-sharing service that serves people with downloadable software for their computer and allows the download of almost any music from around the world. The Webster’s Universal and Thesaurus, says that the definition of music is: Music: harmony, melody, symphony. The basic idea of Napster is for anyone who wants to listen to music. However, the argument about Napster is that it is a directory service that allows users to transfer music files from music labels that have not signed a deal with Napster. The music industry feels they are losing money because there are devices known as CD-RW and this allows for the burning of homemade compact discs with songs that Napster provides. Besides the music industry, there are bands that feel that due to Napster's popularity; they are losing money that they work for. The music industry feels that if people are burning there own compact discs at a cheap rate then the music company are going to lose money. In the following paper I will discuss why people use Napster, why there is a problem with the use of Napster, and how the service can be used legally. The idea of Napster was started by a freshman at Northeastern University in January 1999. In May 1999 Napster took shape as one of the most used computer software around. From the Napster web site you easily download the software. The software then connects you with millions of users who have the song you are searching for. After you find the song you can start the download process and download that song onto your computer. One negative aspect of Napster is that the songs you download mostly take a long time to download, depending on your connection speed, and take up a lot of space in your memory. After you download the song you can then make your own compact disc if you have the right equipment that is. The equipment needed is a compact disc burner and the recordable compact discs. You then are able to distribute the songs and only have paid a fourth of the price that you would have paid if you had bought the compact disc from a music store (Napster). Many bands and music labels have sued the people behind Napster. The music industry is saying that Napster breaks copyright laws by allowing people to spread music without the proper authorization for usage.

Analysis Of The Fall Of Ferdinand Marcos Essay

October 10, 2001 Word Count: 2466 Research Question: How did Ferdinand E. Marcos eventually fall from power? INTRODUCTION Ferdinand E. Marcos was the longest reigning Philippine president in history. His rule spanned 20 years, beginning in 1965 up to his downfall in 1983. He was the first and only president re-elected so far (first in 1969 and second in 1981). After his second term, corruption in his administration was rampant. For 20 years he ruled the Philippines with an iron fist, and amassed a personal fortune. According to all sources, he managed to prolong his term for so long through his â€Å"private military† (Sonia M. Zaide, 217) that crushed or silenced opposition against him. His attempts to prolong his term however, were also responsible for the dissatisfaction of his people and the growth in opposition and against him which eventually led to his downfall, after the assassination of Benigno Aquino on 1983. BACKGROUND ON MARCOS’ RISE TO POWER Marcos came from a rich and politically prominent family in Ilocos, a province in the northern part of the Philippines. He began his political career in 1949, being elected to the House of Representatives as congressman of Ilocos. In 1965, he was elected as President of the Senate. He then (as a Nacionalista, one of the 2 main political parties) ran for president and gained victory over the incumbent president, Diosdado Macapagal. Marcos promised to â€Å"make the nation great again,† and during his first term of 6 years Marcos gained widespread popularity through his extensive economic and political achievements. In 1969 Marcos became the first (and up to the moment, still the only) re-elected president of the Philippines. During his second term however, Marcos lost popularity due to the extensive graft and corruption of his favoured cronies, and the human rights violations of the Marcos administration when he proclaimed Martial Law on September 21, 1972. He lifted Martial La w in 1981 after reducing the opposition by intimidation. During his second re-election in 1981, Marcos had only one opponent, Alejo Santos of the Nacionalista party, because Senator Benigno Aquino (who was his only credible opponent) was living in exile in the United States. During the next years, the Philippine economy was considered â€Å"the sick man of Asia† (Time Magazine). In 1982, Marcos was sickly and he was absent in many official ceremonies. During this time, his wife (Imelda Marcos) and her  cronies were unofficially running the country. It was during this time, when on August 21, 1983, his long time rival, Benigno Aquino (wife of Benigno Aquino), returned to the Philippines. He was assassinated in broad daylight in the Manila International Airport by one of the government military escorts and this incident was captured by camera (Don Lawson, 1). This infuriated the Filipino people, which was the final blow to his rule. After days of mass rallies and demonstrations all over the country, he called as snap election as part of his strategy to maintain his credibility in the international body. He was declared the official winner because of massive vote buying and cheating and intimation. The mass rallies and demonstrations continued nationwide which paralyzed the government operations † for example, banks were closed and transport services were on strike, and part of the military rebelled, and all these led to the now popular EDSA Revolution (also known as â€Å"People Power†) on February 16, 1986 which toppled Marcos’ rule. ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF MARCOS DOWNFALL The causes of Marcos’ downfall can be divided into two parts † long term causes and short term causes. Marcos’ acts of corruption which include: his attainment of large sums of money from the Philippine treasury during his reign, abuse of military power to suppress opposition and maintain a firm grip on presidency, and his political schemes to prolong his rule were responsible for creating an atmosphere of hatred and discontent on Marcos’ rule, under the overriding atmosphere of fear created by the resulting suppression of any threats to his power. These doings cultivated the seeds of dissatisfaction which soon developed into unified hatred towards Marcos’ reign. There was widespread discontent, but this discontent was still silent. The short-term or immediate cause of Marcos’ downfall was the Assassination of Ninoy Aquino. The â€Å"assassination brought Philippine’s economic shambles to world attention† (Fred Poole and Max Vanz i, 244) and lead to Marcos’ fall from power after the EDSA revolution. MARCOS’ MILITARY The military was the initial basis of Marcos’ power. Marcos’ military control provided him with a huge political advantage. Marcos used the military to create an atmosphere of terror, to discourage opposition and  eliminate any threats to his power to enable him to continue his rule over the country. During his reign, bribery and intimidation of voters during elections was rampant. As the corruption in the Marcos administration became widespread, demonstrations occurred as student activism rose, but were quickly suppressed by his military. An example of this is the â€Å"Battle of Mendiola† on January 1970, in which demonstrators tried to storm in the gates of the Malacanang Palace (the Philippine Presidential building, similar to the White House). It was the most violent of the student demonstrations (Florida C. Leuterio, 151). Due to the increase in violence Marcos imposed martial law in 1972. According to all sources consulted, there may have been a possibil ity that some acts of violence were planned by Marcos to ensure the legitimacy of his declaration of martial law. Since the constitution limited his presidency for merely two terms, he was due to step down on December 30 1973. However, upon the proclamation of martial law, he would be able to perpetuate his rule over the Philippines, because the 1935 constitution had not stated the limitations for the length of martial law (Florida C. Leuterio, 153). Marcos then used the military to detain Filipinos suspected of subversion. This included all critics/activists (ranging from students to professionals), and potential political opponents. They were tortured by their captors and many were then held in military detention camps. Marcos’ â€Å"military establishment tightened its grasp into a stranglehold through increased terror† (Fred Poole and Max Vanzi, 208). Although POLITICAL SCHEMES TO PROLONG HIS TERM AND GAIN POWER For more than 20 years Marcos was able to prolong his term. Through his political schemes and manipulations, Marcos was able to continue with his presidency despite the limitation of only eight consecutive years, the decline of his country’s economy, and the harsh conditions suffered by the majority of its citizens. Even before the presidential elections of 1965 Marcos received numerous military decorations which made him one of the most decorated heroes of World War II. Through this, Marcos gained popular American support, and gained an edge in the 1965 Elections. Sterling Seagrave (author of The Marcos Dynasty) states that Marcos had merely invented the feats made the Philippines most decorated World War II hero. Don Lawson (author of Marcos and the Philippines) however, does not state that Marcos has invented those feats. During 1971 a Constitutional Convention was held to rewrite the 1935  constitution which would then enable Marcos to continue in power under the new constitution. On 1973 he enforced the new constitution which would give him both the powers of a president and a prime minister (until one is elected). The constitution was ratified through citizen assemblies by raise of hands. Due to the prevailing atmosphere, the people adopted to the new constitution. During elections, Marcos engaged in massive fraud to ensure his victory. ILL-GOTTEN WEALTH According to Australian investigator Reiner Jacobi the Marcos rule was economically disastrous for the Philippines. Financial he discovered showed that Marcos had â€Å"systematically looted his country for over 20 years.† He states that the Marcos’ taken at least $5 billion in â€Å"ill-gotten wealth† and that there is other material suggesting that Marcos took even more. Marcos â€Å"used his favourites†Ã‚ ¦ to take charge of the nation’s natural and human resources and its big economic ventures.† Journalist Ron Whittaker goes on to prove that as Marcos and his family amassed a personal fortune, through stealing from the Philippine treasury. He states that â€Å"Despite the hundreds of millions of dollars from the United States each year, Marcos’ government was falling increasingly into debt; and, even as his personal fortunes rapidly escalated, the majority of his people were living in poverty.† Although Marcos succeeded in intimidating his opposition and prolonging his term, his abuse of power exposed his corruptness to the people, which thus created an atmosphere of discontent towards him which continued to build up and would eventually cause his downfall. However, due to the atmosphere of fear Marcos has created, there was still a lack of motivation to call for reform and stand up against the threat of Marcos’ military. THE AQUINO ASSASSINATION AND THE EVENTS THAT FOLLOWED The final blow happened when Benigno Aquino, his only credible opponent, was assassinated by his military escorts, with this incident captured in video tape and broadcast in the foreign media. The event shocked the not only the Filipino people, but the whole world, as footage of the assassination was aired internationally (Sonia M. Zaide, 217). The Assassination was the last act of injustice that the people would take from Marcos. This infuriated the Filipino people, who  became bold because of their outrage. Benigno Aquino was transformed into a national idol (Florida C. Leuterio). It created anger in the Filipino’s that was able to supersede the atmosphere of fear. His death awakened the Filipinos to the â€Å"Evils of Marcos.† In addition to this militant groups (the August Twenty-One movement, Justice for Aquino, Justice for all, and BAYAN† were organized. They staged demonstrations calling for an end to Marcos’ rule. Aquino’s death caused a ch ain reaction of events that eventually forced Marcos out of power. As the Philippine economy deteriorated the Filipinos became poorer and poorer. Anti-Marcos demonstrations cause the decline of the tourism industry. Rampant corruption discouraged foreign investors. High oil prices, and the price decline of traditional exports caused a slow down in economic activity. The government was forced to borrow from the IMF, World Bank, the US and its foreign creditors pressured Marcos to implement reforms as a condition for granting him economic and financial assistance. Their actions were like a vote of no confidence to the Marcos rule and legitimacy as the living conditions of the Filipino’s had furthermore worsened (Florida C. Leuterio, 165). Their actions resulted in further depreciation of the Philippine Peso. As many businesses slowed down, there were mass layoffs which, in turn, caused more poverty and the further disenchantment of the people. Marcos’ effort to survive by calling and winning the snap elections on 1986 failed because of the massive cheating, and the people truly believed Cory Aquino was the true victor. Doubt and scepticism on Marcos furthermore threatened his rule. A group of reformist lead by Fidel V. Ramos, and Juan Ponce Enrile made plans to face the Marcos loyalist and overthrow Marcos. In an attempt to prevent a bloody civil war Cory Aquino launched civil disobedience nationwide in a movement which became known as EDSA or â€Å"People Power.† The Filipinos made a human barricade that prevented the two forces from attacking each other. US senator Paul Laxalt advised him to â€Å"cut, and cut clean.† Marcos was forced to exile in Hawaii on February 25, 1986. According to Dr. Florida C. Leuterio (author of Philippine History and Government), despite the hopelessness of the situation, Marcos had not yet  give up and attempted to impose martial law once again. The plan was code-named â€Å"Everlasting.† He was to send soldiers dressed in civilian clothing to spread violence and terror. This incident would eventually give him an excuse to once again impose martial law and thus, furthermore prolonging his term. However, before he could put his plan into act, the EDSA revolution took place. This truly exposes the corruptness of Marcos’ and furthermore proves his unjust nature and his illegitimacy as president. Sterling Seagrave adds that just before the inauguration of Cory Aquino, Marcos had contacted Enrile offering to set up a provisional government were Cory Aquino, Enrile, and Marcos would rule. This goes to show Marcos’ sheer determination to retain his presidency and prolong his term. ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN THE DOWNFALL OF MARCOS Ron Whittaker (a journalist who studies the effects on Media in politics) believes that the media has had a crucial role in contributing to the downfall of Marcos (both in exposing his corruption, and also in helping organize the EDSA revolution) and that Marcos might have retained his presidency if it were not for the media. He states that because of Marcos’ control over the media, the international community was not aware of the situation in the Philippines because unless certain attention is required, the â€Å"international media take their cues from local press coverage.† I strongly support this and believe that the media was essential in the downfall of Marcos. The assassination of Benigno Aquino was a key factor and the immediate cause of Marcos’ fall from power. It was the event that fuelled the Filipino’s angers and made them take action. It was the event that caused international eyes to observe the situation in the Philippines. This in turn, forced Marcos to think twice before carrying out his military abuses. CONCLUSION The Marcos experience teaches us that power corrupts and creates a situation which ultimately impoverishes the country and its people. The main cause of Marcos downfall is the suffering and poverty he created during his rule. Not even his control of the military can sustain him forever. Eventually he lost major support of the people, the church, and part of the military mutinied. (Unlike Lee Kuan Yu of Singapore who was also an  authoritarian leader, but he was perceived as honest and he was able to improve the economy of Singapore and the standard of living of his people. Even up to now Lee Kuan Yu is still active as a senior minister and highly respected all over the world, a sharp contrast to what happened to Marcos). Even if Marcos did not commit the fatal mistake of assassinating Benigno Aquino, I believe that it merely hastened the process and it would be only a question of time, before he will replaced by the people in a popular election or uprising. In this world of modern television and CNN, a corrupt leader like Marcos would not be able to sustain his image as a legitimate leader of his people. In many ways, the experience of Soeharto, who also had complete control of the military, also proves that a leader today cannot survive if there is widespread corruption and poverty in his country. With the help of the pouring international media, Marcos not only gained opposition locally, but abroad as well, and as a result of this Marcos was eventually forced to step down from power.

The role of poison pill - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1232 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Chemistry Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Discuss the role of poison pill as an anti-takeover measure and its prohibition in the UK under Rule 21 of the Takeover Code When a publicly traded company (offeror) offers to get sufficient shares to acquire control of an alternate company (offeree) for cash or securities is called a takeover (Wild, Weinstein, 2011). If the offeree board does not help the offer, the takeover is meant as hostile. Moves made by the board of the offeree to avert the hostile takeover endeavour are called the defence tactics or the preventive measures. In the early fifties, the takeover defence tactics were created among UK organizations after the development of hostile takeovers. ( Armour, Jacobs, Milhaupt, 2011) Mixtures of defensive measures have been created by directors trying to shield an organization from a hostile takeover. The most widely recognized methods are between the post-bid defences (defensive methods put up once the bid has been launched) and the pre-bid defenc es (defences adopted prior to the offer). Specifically, target organization directors must be careful not to trade off their fiduciary duties to just practice their powers. However, a breach of directors` fiduciary duties might result in more serious sanctions against the directors than a breach under the Code, such as having to personally compensate the company for loss resulting from a breach of duty for the reasons for which they are presented and also to act in accordance with some honesty (in good faith) and also to increase the achievements of the organization and to enhance the profits for its members in general. Taking in to consideration the defensive measures and its extensive prohibition in the Takeover Code rule 21, it may appear redundant to put much importance on these more extensive organization law procurements. Nonetheless, a rupture of director’s fiduciary duties may bring more problems for directors than breach under the Takeover Code which may result to pay personally for losses incur due to breach of fiduciary duties. Further, before a bid situation is imminent the rule 21 of the Code does not prohibit takeover defence tactics. In order to safeguard itself from a hostile takeover in advance, the Listing Rules and the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 are important. Poison pill is a methodology utilized by companies to weaken hostile takeovers. The target organization tries to make its stock less appealing to the acquirer with a poison pill. There are two sorts of poison pill: firstly it permits existing shareholders (aside from the acquirer) to purchase more shares at a rebate which is the flip-in technique. Second system permits stockholders to purchase the acquirers shares at a reduced cost after the merger which is the flip-over strategy. By buying more shares economically (flip-in), shareholders get quick benefits and significantly and the shares held by the acquirer will be weaken. It will make the takeover endeavou r more problematic and more costly. A case of a flip-over is when shareholders pick up the privilege to buy the supply at a two-for-one premise from the acquirer in any consequent merger. Poison pills are utilized to keep the bidder from surpassing the ownership trigger edge and discouraging them by basically raising the expense of the offer (Jenkinson and Mayer, 1994). City Code limits, as it were, the director’s exercisable powers of implementing defensive measures when confronting a hostile takeover offer, and guarantees that the shareholders have the full chance to evaluate and choose whether or not to acknowledge a takeover offer. The common law likewise has the same disposition towards this issue. In instances, the court dismissed the attempt by the target board to exchange treasury shares to a favoured bidder to defeat a takeover offer, in light of the fact that a greater part of the shareholders were agreeable to the offer (Howard Smith v Ampol Petroleum Ltd). I n the current form of the Code, the most noticeable provision in this respect is rule 21. Rule 21 restricts the offeree organization from making any move which may frustrate the offer or rather deny the shareholders the chance to choose the benefits of an offer without approval of the shareholders, in the event that they have motivation to accept that a takeover offer may be inevitable. Rule 21 is reinforced by General Principle 3 of the Code, which announces the shareholders right to choose the benefits of an offer (The Takeover Code, 2011) Along these lines it is essential to talk about allowable measures which may have the impact of stopping a hostile offeror. The measures which will be analysed incorporates utilizing the new PUSU system of the Takeover Code, looking for an alternate and more friendly known white knight bidder, and persuading, inside the administrative structure on revelation of data, the shareholders to reject the hostile offer. Panel presented an automati c Put Up or Shut up Regime (PUSU), where the minor recognizable proof of an offeror reporting a conceivable offer (Takeover Code, rule 2.4a) triggers a 28 days due date for that offeror to either declare a firm expectation to make an offer, or report that it wont make an offer (Takeover Code, rule 2.6a). In the event that the offeror declare an expectation to not make an offer, it is suspended from approaching the focus for a time of six months. Furthermore an alternate preventive measure is the white knight strategy. The target organization board may look for an alternative bidder, with a specific goal to discover a bidder which will act in a friendly manner giving them a chance to run the organization without numerous material changes later on or basically to get the best possible share value for its shareholders or to achieve both. The target must, on the other hand, guarantee that it agrees to the provisions with regard to competitive bidding contests and disclosure under the Takeover Code (Takeover Code rule 20.2 and rule 32.5). Likewise the hostile offeror ought to be furnished with the same measure of data as the friendly offeror (white knight) is given. Then again, the necessity for a request by the offeror empowers the offeree to withhold data which the offeror has not particularly requested (Takeover Code rule 20.2 Note 1). Also a total prohibition was implemented on inducement charges and other deal protection measures later (Takeover Code rule 21.2a). The new prohibition of deal protection agreements in the Takeover Code relocates the financial risk of an unsuccessful takeover and spots it on the offeror. A safeguard tactic which is ensured to be viable when effectively embraced is to persuade the shareholders to keep on believing their administration and reject the hostile offer. Considering the broader limitations on defence tactics for offeree, eventually the shareholders and the directors are the ones who choose the benefits of an offe r. Therefore, issuing of a persuading defence report through correspondence channels is the most conclusive defensive activity of the offeree in order to win the clash of words with the bidder ( Payne, 2002) References Wild, C. and Weinstein, S. Smith and Keenan`s Company Law, 2011 A. Armour, J.B. Jacobs, and C.J. Milhaupt The evolution of hostile takeover regimes in developed and emerging markets 2011 T. Jenkinson and C. P. Mayer Hostile Takeovers: Defence, Attack and Corporate Governance – 1994 Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd (1974) AC 821 Payne, J. Takeovers in English and German Law -2002 The Takeover Code, 2011 Takeover Code, rule 2.6a Takeover Code, rule 2.4a Takeover Code rule 20.2 and rule 32.5 Takeover Code rule 21.2a Takeover Code rule 20.2 Note 1 Companies Act 2006 Page 1 of 4 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The role of poison pill" essay for you Create order